You need to know about and configure a couple of Operating System and Erlang VM configs to operate VerneMQ efficiently. First, make sure you have set appropriate OS file limits according to our guide here. Second, when you run into performance problems, don't forget to check the settings in the vernemq.conf file. (Can't open more than 10k connections? Well, is the listener configured to open more than 10k?)
This is the number one topic to look at, if you need to keep an eye on RAM usage.
Context: All network I/O in Erlang uses an internal driver. This driver will allocate and handle an internal application side buffer for every TCP connection. The default size of these buffers will determine your overall RAM use in VerneMQ. The sndbuf and recbuf of the TCP socket will not count towards VerneMQ RAM, but will be used by the Linux Kernel.
VerneMQ calculates the buffer size from the OS level TCP send and receive buffers:
val(buffer) >= max(val(sndbuf),val(recbuf))
Those values correspond to net.ipv4.tcp_wmem and net.ipv4.tcp_rmem in your OS's sysctl configuration. One way to minimize RAM usage is therefore to configure those settings (Debian example):
This would result in a 32KB application buffer for every connection.
If your VerneMQ use case requires the use of different TCP buffer optimisations (per groups of clients for instance) you will have to make sure the that the Linux OS buffer configuration, namely net.ipv4.tcp_wmem and net.ipv4.tcp_rmemallows for this kind of flexibility, allowing for small TCP buffers and big TCP buffers at the same time.
Example 1 above would allow VerneMQ to allocate minimal TCP read and write buffers of 4KB in the Linux Kernel, a max read buffer of 32KB in the kernel, and a max write buffer of 65KB in the kernel. VerneMQ itself would set its own internal per connection buffer to 65KB in addition.
What we just described is VerneMQ automatically configuring TCP read and write buffers and internal buffers, deriving their values from OS settings.
There are multiple additional ways to configure TCP buffers described below:
If VerneMQ finds an advanced.config file, it will use the buffer sizes you have configured there for all it’s TCP listeners (and the TCP connections accepted by those listeners), except the Erlang distribution listeners within the cluster.
(You'll find an example in the section below on the advanced.config file)
If VerneMQ finds a per protocol configuration (listener.tcp.buffer_sizes) in the vernemq.conf file, it will use those buffer sizes for the specific protocol. (currently only MQTT or MQTTS. Support for WS/WSS/HTTP/VMQ listeners is on the roadmap).
For listener.tcp.buffer_sizes you’ll always have to state 3 values in bytes: the TCP receive buffer (recbuf), the TCP send buffer (sndbuf), and the internal application side buffer (buffer). You should set “buffer” (the 3rd value) toval(buffer) >= max(val(sndbuf),val(recbuf))
If VerneMQ finds per listener config values (listener.tcp.my_listener.buffer_sizes), it will use those buffer sizes for all connections setup by that specific listener. This is the most useful approach if you want to set specific different buffer sizes, like huge send buffers for listeners that accept massive consumers. (consumers with high expected message throughput).
You would then configure a different listener for those massive consumers, and by that have the option to fine tune the TCP buffer sizes.
For listener.tcp.my_listener.buffer_sizes you’ll always have to state 3 values in bytes: the TCP receive buffer (recbuf), the TCP send buffer (sndbuf), and an internal application side buffer (buffer). You should set “buffer” (the 3rd value) toval(buffer) >= max(val(sndbuf),val(recbuf))
This scenario would be possible with a plugin.
The advanced.config file is a supplementary configuration file that sits in the same directory as the vernemq.conf. You can set additional config values for any of the OTP applications that are part of a VerneMQ release. To just configure the TCP buffer size manually, you can create an advanced.config file:
For very advanced & custom configurations, you can add a vm.args file to the same directory where the vernemq.conf file is located. Its purpose is to configure parameters for the Erlang Virtual Machine. This will override any Erlang specific parameters your might have configured via the vernemq.conf. Normally, VerneMQ auto-generates a vm.args file for every boot in /var/lib/vernemq/generated.configs/ (Debian package example) from vernemq.conf and other potential configuration sources.
A manually generated vm.args is not supplementary, it is a full replacement of the auto-generated file! Keep that in mind. An easy way to go about this, is by copying and extending the auto-generated file.
This is how a vm.args might look like:
Using TLS will of course increase the CPU load during connection setup. Latencies in message delivery will be increased, and your overall message throughput per second will be lower.
TLS will require considerably more RAM. Instead of 2 Erlang processes per connection, TLS will use 3. You'll have a session process, a queue process, and a TLS handler process that can encapsulate quite a big state (> 30KB).
Erlang/OTP uses it's own TLS implementation, only using OpenSSL for crypto, but not connection handling. For situations with high connection setup rate or overall high connection churn rate, the Erlang TLS implementation might be too slow. On the other hand, Erlang TLS gives you great concurrency & fault isolation for long-lived connections.
Some Erlang deployments terminate SSL/TLS with an external component or with a load balancer component. Do some testing & try to find out what works best for you.
The Erlang TLS implementation is rather picky on certificate chains & formats. Don't give up, if you encounter errors first. On Linux, you can find out more with the openssl s_client command quickly.